Heterogeneous as SRF, the situation of the representativeness of the evaluation samples was essential. Many choices exist to try out to conquer this difficulty, as advisable inside the EN/ISO typical procedures for SRF characterization. The answer adopted within this study was to complement the laboratory TGA system with significantly less precise measurement strategies that get the job done with larger samples (determination of your LOI vs. T curve of 3 g samples). The TGA graphical benefits (Figure 2) indicate 3 different phases in the BMS-8 Purity thermal decomposition of SRF, with different mass loss rates: the primary during the interval all-around 25050 C, together with the highest mass reduction price; the 2nd, as much as about 600 C; as well as the third among 600 C and 725 C. From that temperature on the finish of your measurements, an incredibly slow mass loss continues to be observed, probably while the chars formed are burning. These effects are steady with findings reported within the literature [4,six,seven,20]. The results of LOI measurements at various ignition Scaffold Library Shipping temperatures from the muffle (depicted also in Figure two) exhibits a trend coincident using the TGA success, with major mass losses among 250 C and 450 C, extending to all-around 600 C. The degradation ends at about 700 C. This behaviour is distinctive from that observed in SRF obtained in mechanical iological therapy plants, the place degradation increases up to a lot more than 1300 C [21].Figure two. In contrast thermal degradation of SRF (sample mass loss) in air and ten C/min obtained by thermogravimetric analysis and LOI measurement in the muffle furnace.3.3. Optimization from the Flow and Residence Time in Combustion Exams Tests 1 to 5, described in Table 1, have been applied to select the combustion situations and also to establish the influence in the air movement price and residence time of vapours and gases inPolymers 2021, 13,9 ofthe pilot plant. Based over the former TGA and LOI examination success, which indicated that almost all of your thermal degradation in air occurred under 600 C, the temperature for your SRF combustion was set at 550 C plus the heating costs described in the Products and Solutions part were picked. In strong waste combustions, above 40 of extra air is usually employed [22]. For that reason, Check 1 was carried out feeding 4.seven NL/min air (the stoichiometric movement was calculated for being three.2 NL/min). The tubular reactor was not connected in series on this test. The employed air movement rate proved for being also high, making the residence time of your volatiles pretty low, and thus their combustion was quite poor, as evidenced from the colour on the flue gasoline. As is often seen in Table 4, the ash remaining inside the tank reactor soon after combustion complied with all the maximum restrict of 3 wt. of natural carbon, set out within the Write-up 50 with the IED for slag and bottom ash formed in waste (co-)incineration plants. On this table, the quantity of ash collected following every experiment is given (as a by excess weight of the SRF sample fed), along with their C content. The photographs of the collected ashes are provided in Table S1. The ash content from the combusted SRF was inside the wide selection found from the literature, as revised by Mancini et al. [23].Table 4. Quantity of ash and C content in ash obtained while in the SRF combustion tests. Test 1 two 3 4 5 six 7 eight 9 ten Ash (wt. SRF) 18.6 26.0 15.0 14.0 19.0 34.0 thirty.0 24.0 14.0 20.0 C Written content (wt. ash) 2.9 0.three 2.8 0.1 two.8 0.four 14.2 two.one two.5 0.2 7.six one.3 2.1 0.two two.2 0.four 3.0 0.one two.2 0.In Check two a tubular reactor was positioned soon after the tank reactor to boost the residence time from the volat.