Rget screening and prevention applications to these men and women who could be at greatest risk for co-infection.AcknowledgmentsFunding: This operate is partly funded by NIH grant T32 DK083266-01A1, NIH grant R01-CA-125487, NIH/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Illness, Center Grant P30 DK56338 as well as the Houston Veterans Affairs Health Services Investigation and Development Center of Excellence HFP90-020 and MRP05-305.Abbreviations(HBV) (HCV) (IDU) (VA) (CCR) (ICD-9) (HBcAb) Hepatitis B virus hepatitis C virus injection drug use Veterans Affairs Clinical Case Registry International Classification of Illness, 9th Revision hepatitis B core antibodyHepatology. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2014 August 01.Tyson et al.Web page(HBsAg)hepatitis B surface antigen hepatitis Be antigen hepatitis Be antibody Present Procedural TerminologyNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript(HBeAg) (HBeAb) (CPT)Reference List1. Bini EJ, Perumalswami PV. Hepatitis B virus infection among American sufferers with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, racial/ethnic differences, and viral interactions. Hepatology. Mar; 2010 51(3):75966. [PubMed: 20140950] two. Brass V, Moradpour D. New insights into hepatitis B and C virus co-infection. J Hepatol. Sep; 2009 51(3):42325. [PubMed: 19596479] 3. Crockett SD, Keeffe EB. Organic history and therapy of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005; four:13. [PubMed: 16159399] four. Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP, McQuillan GM, Kuhnert WL, Alter MJ. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United states of america, 1999 by way of 2002.WS6 Ann Intern Med.Belinostat May well 16; 2006 144(10):70514.PMID:24406011 [PubMed: 16702586] five. Chu CJ, Lee SD. Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, clinical options, viral interactions and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Apr; 2008 23(four):51220. [PubMed: 18397482] 6. Saravanan S, Velu V, Nandakumar S, Madhavan V, Shanmugasundaram U, Murugavel KG, et al. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus dual infection among patients with chronic liver illness. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. Apr; 2009 42(two):12228. [PubMed: 19597643] 7. Amin J, Law MG, Bartlett M, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Causes of death immediately after diagnosis of hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection: a sizable community-based linkage study. Lancet. Sep 9; 2006 368(9539):938945. [PubMed: 16962883] eight. Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Pisaturo M, Masiello A, Tonziello G, Sagnelli C, et al. HBV superinfection in HCV chronic carriers: a illness which is regularly serious but related with all the eradication of HCV. Hepatology. Apr; 2009 49(four):1090097. [PubMed: 19263473] 9. Celona AF, Yu MC, Prakash M, Kuo T, Bonacini M. Hepatitis C within a Los Angeles public hepatitis clinic: demographic and biochemical variations linked with race-ethnicity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jun; 2004 two(6):45962. [PubMed: 15181612] ten. Dai CY, Yu ML, Chuang WL, Lin ZY, Chen SC, Hsieh MY, et al. Influence of hepatitis C virus on the profiles of individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jun; 2001 16(six):63640. [PubMed: 11422616] 11. Gaeta GB, Stornaiuolo G, Precone DF, Lobello S, Chiaramonte M, Stroffolini T, et al. Epidemiological and clinical burden of chronic hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus infection. A multicenter Italian study. J Hepatol. Dec; 2003 39(six):1036041. [PubMed: 14642623] 12. Fong TL, Di Bisceglie AM, Waggoner JG, Banks SM, Hoofnagle JH. The significance.