Ignificantly lowered beneath saline and sodic circumstances [23,24].Agriculture 2021, 11,three ofIrrigation-induced salinity and sodicity also increases the plant water requirement resulting from reduced root penetration in the soil and causes overexploitation of groundwater in regions where there are no other option sources of water for irrigation, though in places where surface water is used for irrigation and has a water table at shallow depths, waterlogging is typically observed [25,26]. The increase in the plant water requirement (is typically offset by escalating the duration of irrigation) to ameliorate the shunting of plant development and to achieve optimum crop yield (growth) beneath saline-sodic conditions varies broadly with all the extent of salinity and sodicity levels, the type of crop, and soil qualities [27]. Furthermore, aside from impacting the productivity or yield of irrigated land, salinity and sodicity also have broad implications on socio-economic development and food security, which consists of lower profit margins, poverty, and migration of farmers to urban locations in creating nations, elevated fertilizer requirement, along with the unlikelihood of land reclamation [28,29]. The extrapolation of international loss as a result of irrigation-induced salinity is roughly estimated as USD 27.three billion in a year brought on by lowered crop production (approximating USD 441 loss per hectare of land) [30,31]. Current research indicate that the economic loss could be as higher as USD 1604 and USD 2748 per hectare when the salinity levels rise from low to medium and medium to high, respectively, along with the gross profit in undertaking any migratory measures could be also low for the farmers to adopt sustainable irrigation approaches [32]. Comparable to the above inference, a study in Valsartan Ethyl Ester supplier Australia estimated that an expenditure of AUD 65 billion more than ten years could be necessary to reclaim the land degradation caused by salinity and sodicity in the country [33]. Mitigation of salinity and sodicity in irrigated soils is important for soil conservation, socio-economic upliftment of farmers, as well as the protection of agriculture-dependent ecosystems and groundwater top quality [34]. Though you can find numerous research in the literature that have comprehensively studied several aspects and impacts of soil salinity and sodicity on the atmosphere (primarily soil), a systematic study analyzing the hazards of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on soil and groundwater is however to become performed [159,35,36]. In this paper, the causes and management (mitigation techniques) of irrigation-induced soil salinity and sodicity, as well as their effects on soil properties and groundwater (subsurface aquifers), are discussed. In addition, this overview gives a catalogue of virtually feasible integrated soil fertility management practices and innovative/modern options to mitigate the salinity and sodicity dangers to soil and groundwater. two. International Distribution of Irrigation-Induced Salinity and Sodicity Accurately quantifying and identifying irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity hotspots is pretty challenging due to the high geographic variability and net adjustments within the salinity and sodicity levels; nonetheless, specific regions mainly in semi-arid and arid regions are at larger danger due to the inherent saline and sodic nature (chemical composition) of your soil [37]. On a nation scale, salinity and sodicity are pervasive in both arid and semi-arid countries all through the planet, like few humid.