D S4 normally move together. Compared to other voltage-gated K+ channels, the BK channel has a smaller gating charge, just 0.9 e per subunit [45]. Moreover, the residues contributing to the gating charge are decentralized, consisting of two residues in S2 (D153 and R167), one in S3 (D186), and only one in S4 (R213), this last residue contributing one-half of the gating charge [46]. Nevertheless, during activation R213 must move relative to the electric field. A possibility is thatSupporting InformationMacroscopic currents conducted by pWT1 a, W22C a and W22/W203C a alone or co-expressed with either pWT b1 or b1 L157C. Currents were activated by depolarizing steps from a holding potential of 2100 
mV and deactivated by repolarization to 2100 mV. [Ca2+]IN was 10 mM. (TIF)Figure S1 Table S1 Extents of disulfide crosslinking of S0 to S4. The residues substituted by Cys are shown. (PDF)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: XN GL AK SM. Performed the experiments: XN GL RW NC SIZ. Analyzed the data: XN GL SIZ AK SM. Wrote the paper: XN AK SM.Orientations and Proximities of BK a S0 and S
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading causes of cancer death globally [1]. In China, the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer have been increasing rapidly in the last three decades, primarily because of tobacco consumption [2]. However, genetic factors also play an important role in lung carcinogenesis. Over the past several years, genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 10 loci associated with lung cancer risk with a modest effect for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [3,4,5,6,7,8]. However, these variants accounted for only a small fraction of hereditability of lung cancer [9,10,11]. Given that gene-gene interactions may contribute to complex diseases, it has been suggested that combining the multiple variants with small effect together based on 79831-76-8 manufacturer biological pathways using the GWAS data may tend to detect the joint effects ofmultiple genes and to highlight the specific pathway aggregated in a certain disease [12]. A large proportion of disease susceptibility genes may be functionally MedChemExpress AVP related and/or interact with each other in biological pathways and only a small number of biological pathways may mainly contribute to the etiology of complex disease [13]. Thus, pathway-based approaches have been applied to the GWAS of several complex diseases, and some novel diseasesusceptibility pathways have been revealed [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Recently, Chung et al. (2012) [24] evaluated pathways associated with lung cancer risk in subjects collected by American Cancer Society across all U.S. states using a two-stage random forest-based pathway analysis method based on KEGG database (URL: http://www.genome. jp/kegg/pathway.html/), and identified 4 pathways associated with lung cancer including p53 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, Fehringer et al. (2012) [25] performed pathway analysis on lung cancer risk in subjects collected from Central Europe, Toronto,Pathway Analysis for GWAS of Lung CancerGermany and Texas using four different methods based on Gene Ontology (GO) database (URL: http://www.geneontology.org/), and found that the acetylcholine receptor activity pathway was significantly associated with lung cancer risk using two different approaches. However, none of pathway analyses of lung cancer GWAS are reported in populations of non-European ancestry to date. Several.D S4 normally move together. Compared to other voltage-gated K+ channels, the BK channel has a smaller gating charge, just 0.9 e per subunit [45]. Moreover, the residues contributing to the gating charge are decentralized, consisting of two residues in S2 (D153 and R167), one in S3 (D186), and only one in S4 (R213), this last residue contributing one-half of the gating charge [46]. Nevertheless, during activation R213 must move relative to the electric field. A possibility is thatSupporting InformationMacroscopic currents conducted by pWT1 a, W22C a and W22/W203C a alone or co-expressed with either pWT b1 or b1 L157C. Currents were activated by depolarizing steps from a holding potential of 2100 mV and deactivated by repolarization to 2100 mV. [Ca2+]IN was 10 mM. (TIF)Figure S1 Table S1 Extents of disulfide crosslinking of S0 to S4. The residues substituted by Cys are shown. (PDF)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: XN GL AK SM. Performed the experiments: XN GL RW NC SIZ. Analyzed the data: XN GL SIZ AK SM. Wrote the paper: XN AK SM.Orientations and Proximities of BK a S0 and S
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading causes of cancer death globally [1]. In China, the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer have been increasing rapidly in the last three decades, primarily because of tobacco consumption [2]. However, genetic factors also play an important role in lung carcinogenesis. Over the past several years, genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 10 loci associated with lung cancer risk with a modest effect for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [3,4,5,6,7,8]. However, these variants accounted for only a small fraction of hereditability of lung cancer [9,10,11]. Given that gene-gene interactions may contribute to complex diseases, it has been suggested that combining the multiple variants with small effect together based on biological pathways using the GWAS data may tend to detect the joint effects ofmultiple genes and to highlight the specific pathway aggregated in a certain disease [12]. A large proportion of disease susceptibility genes may be functionally related and/or interact with each other in biological pathways and only a small number of biological pathways may 
mainly contribute to the etiology of complex disease [13]. Thus, pathway-based approaches have been applied to the GWAS of several complex diseases, and some novel diseasesusceptibility pathways have been revealed [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Recently, Chung et al. (2012) [24] evaluated pathways associated with lung cancer risk in subjects collected by American Cancer Society across all U.S. states using a two-stage random forest-based pathway analysis method based on KEGG database (URL: http://www.genome. jp/kegg/pathway.html/), and identified 4 pathways associated with lung cancer including p53 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, Fehringer et al. (2012) [25] performed pathway analysis on lung cancer risk in subjects collected from Central Europe, Toronto,Pathway Analysis for GWAS of Lung CancerGermany and Texas using four different methods based on Gene Ontology (GO) database (URL: http://www.geneontology.org/), and found that the acetylcholine receptor activity pathway was significantly associated with lung cancer risk using two different approaches. However, none of pathway analyses of lung cancer GWAS are reported in populations of non-European ancestry to date. Several.