Stics of DEAB pre-treated cells were examined before performing dengue virus infection. The infected cells that were DEAB pre-treated, concurrently-treated (added after virus adsorption) and untreated cells were harvested at different time points post infection and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR to determine the AKT inhibitor 2 biological activity levels of viral RNA.Colony Forming Unit AssayMethylcellulose cultures of the bone marrow cells were used to study the capacity of these cells to produce colonies of hematopoietic origin after dengue virus infection. All necessary reagents were purchased from Stem Cells Technologies, Inc. (Vancouver, Canada), including methylcellulose medium and prescreened FCS. A total of 16105 cells were plated in individual 35mm Petri dishes (Costar, USA) in 1.5 ml of methylcellulose medium with 20 FCS. To promote growth of colony-forming units (CFU), 10 ng/ml SCF, 50 U/ml IL-3, 25 U/ml IL-6, and 2 U/ml erythropoietin were added to detect burst-forming units (BFU)-Erythroid, CFU-Granulocyte-myeloid (CFU-GM) and CFU-megakaryocytes (CFU-MEG). After an incubation period of 12 days at 37uC, 5 CO2, colonies were scored using an inverted microscope. Colonies from such culture dishes were picked for expansion and aliquots subjected to phenotype analysis and pooled for virus infection.Statistical AnalysisStatistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism V5.04, a GraphPad Software Inc. product. Results were considered statistically significant when p was ,0.05.Results Kinetics of in vitro Viral Replication in Bone Marrow CellsResults from an initial attempt to infect isolated mononuclear cell subsets from the BM of healthy rhesus monkeys indicated that cells optimally permissive for dengue virus infection were in fact present in unfractionated BM (Figure S1). Consequently, all subsequent experiments were performed utilizing unfractionated BM cells to demonstrate the infectability of cells by dengue virus. Studies of the kinetics of virus replication in cultures of ex vivo infected unfractionated BM cell preparations from healthy monkeys showed that whereas these cells were highly permissiveDengue Virus Infection in Bone MarrowFigure 6. Human bone marrow is more permissive than rhesus macaque bone marrow to dengue virus infection in vitro. (A) A 24195657 comparison of peak virus genome copy number levels in human and monkey BM cultures. (B) Comparison of NS1 in the supernatant fluid of human and monkey BMs. The levels of viral RNA and NS1 in the supernatant fluid from infected human BM were significantly higher than that from the rhesus monkey. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052902.gfor infection by dengue virus, the degree of Benzocaine web permissiveness varied with different individual samples (Figure 1A). The levels of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), a protein that should be expressed by all productively infected cells and a surrogate marker for dengue virus replication, also showed a similar trend (Figure 1B). Viral titers in these BM cultures peaked either on days 2 or 3 after the initiation of infection (Figure 1). As a whole, the trend of viral replication and levels of NS1 in cultures of BM cells from a total of 20 different monkeys was very similar (Figure 2A). However, an increase in the levels of viral RNA does not equate to the production of infectious viral particles. Thus, to demonstrate the infectiousness of the virus obtained in supernatants from infected BM cell cultures, aliquots of randomly selected samples of the cultures from day 2 and 5 containing si.Stics of DEAB pre-treated cells were examined before performing dengue virus infection. The infected cells that were DEAB pre-treated, concurrently-treated (added after virus adsorption) and untreated cells were harvested at different time points post infection and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR to determine the levels of viral RNA.Colony Forming Unit AssayMethylcellulose cultures of the bone marrow cells were used to study the capacity of these cells to produce colonies of hematopoietic origin after dengue virus infection. All necessary reagents were purchased from Stem Cells Technologies, Inc. (Vancouver, Canada), including methylcellulose medium and prescreened FCS. A total of 16105 cells were plated in individual 35mm Petri dishes (Costar, USA) in 1.5 ml of methylcellulose medium with 20 FCS. To promote growth of colony-forming units (CFU), 10 ng/ml SCF, 50 U/ml IL-3, 25 U/ml IL-6, and 2 U/ml erythropoietin were added to detect burst-forming units (BFU)-Erythroid, CFU-Granulocyte-myeloid (CFU-GM) and CFU-megakaryocytes (CFU-MEG). After an incubation period of 12 days at 37uC, 5 CO2, colonies were scored using an inverted microscope. Colonies from such culture dishes were picked for expansion and aliquots subjected to phenotype analysis and pooled for virus infection.Statistical AnalysisStatistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism V5.04, a GraphPad Software Inc. product. Results were considered statistically significant when p was ,0.05.Results Kinetics of in vitro Viral Replication in Bone Marrow CellsResults from an initial attempt to infect isolated mononuclear cell subsets from the BM of healthy rhesus monkeys indicated that cells optimally permissive for dengue virus infection were in fact present in unfractionated BM (Figure S1). Consequently, all subsequent experiments were performed utilizing unfractionated BM cells to demonstrate the infectability of cells by dengue virus. Studies of the kinetics of virus replication in cultures of ex vivo infected unfractionated BM cell preparations from healthy monkeys showed that whereas these cells were highly permissiveDengue Virus Infection in Bone MarrowFigure 6. Human bone marrow is more permissive than rhesus macaque bone marrow to dengue virus infection in vitro. (A) A 24195657 comparison of peak virus genome copy number levels in human and monkey BM cultures. (B) Comparison of NS1 in the supernatant fluid of human and monkey BMs. The levels of viral RNA and NS1 in the supernatant fluid from infected human BM were significantly higher than that from the rhesus monkey. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052902.gfor infection by dengue virus, the degree of permissiveness varied with different individual samples (Figure 1A). The levels of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), a protein that should be expressed by all productively infected cells and a surrogate marker for dengue virus replication, also showed a similar trend (Figure 1B). Viral titers in these BM cultures peaked either on days 2 or 3 after the initiation of infection (Figure 1). As a whole, the trend of viral replication and levels of NS1 in cultures of BM cells from a total of 20 different monkeys was very similar (Figure 2A). However, an increase in the levels of viral RNA does not equate to the production of infectious viral particles. Thus, to demonstrate the infectiousness of the virus obtained in supernatants from infected BM cell cultures, aliquots of randomly selected samples of the cultures from day 2 and 5 containing si.