Inst F. graminearum were identified by way of the achievement of metabolomic research. The majority of those metabolites correspond to glucoside derivatives of Acalisib kaempferol and quercetin that belong for the flavonol class. Also, couple of compounds in the flavanol (catechin and its derivatives), 
flavanone (naringenin), flavone (apigenin and vitexin derivatives) and anthocyanin (pelargonidin) classes had been highlighted. These metabolomic data corroborate current published studies which have indicated a considerable induction with the expression of many genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids andor a rise in flavonol and flavanone concentrations following wheat inoculation by F. graminearum. The main part ascribed to flavonoid in plant defense mechanisms benefits from their antioxidant properties , that enable them to reduce the production of and quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by each the pathogen along with the plant through infection. In addition, flavonoids are believed to participate for the reinforcement of plant structures and act as a physical barrier against fungal infection . This function was recently supported by the findings of Venturini et al. that strongly recommend the involvement of flavonoids in resistance to F. verticillioides through their contribution to kernels’ hardening. Flavonoids may also defend plant cell wall integrity upon fungal infection by inhibiting the activity of numerous plant cell wall degrading enzymes secreted by fungal pathogens to penetrate plant tissues . Lastly, flavonoids are well-known for their ability to inhibit fungal spore improvement and to restrain mycelium hyphae elongation. These antifungal activities were not too long ago reviewed by Mierziak et al. and in line with Treutter , they straight outcome fromInt. J. Mol. Sci. ,the potential of flavonoids to irreversibly combine with PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6489865 nucleophilic amino acid in fungal proteins. Among the putative flavonoid compounds gathered in Table , naringenin, which was located to be significantly much more abundant in some resistant wheat and barley cultivars than in susceptible ones ,,, and has been reported as an effective inhibitor of in vitro development of F. graminearum , could play a essential role in plant protection. Its conjugate naringeninOglucoside was pinpointed for its higher concentration in some barley genotypes resistant to FHB , for example kaempferol and kaempferol glucosides the biosynthetic pathway of which involves naringenin as precursor. Similarly to 
naringenin and its derivatives, many reports support the contribution of catechin to plant resistance against F. graminearum. Catechin concentration was shown to boost in some resistant naked barley seeds following Fusarium inoculation and catechin was highlighted for its larger amounts in FHB resistant tworow barley genotypes compared to susceptible ones . Many studies have also illustrated the potential effect flavonoids could exert on mycotoxin production. Various reports describe the ability of flavonoids to inhibit THZ1-R web aflatoxin , or patulin production . Their effect on TCTB biosynthesis has, however, been poorly documented together with the exception with the publication of Desjardins et al. that describes an inhibitory impact of flavones on the biosynthetic step that catalyzes the conversion of trichodiene (the initial chemical intermediate in trichothecene biosynthesis) to oxygenated trichothecenes that include a ,epoxy group Non Flavonoid PhenylpropanoidsPhenolic Acids and Derivatives As shown in Table , many me.Inst F. graminearum had been identified via the achievement of metabolomic studies. The majority of those metabolites correspond to glucoside derivatives of kaempferol and quercetin that belong for the flavonol class. In addition, couple of compounds in the flavanol (catechin and its derivatives), flavanone (naringenin), flavone (apigenin and vitexin derivatives) and anthocyanin (pelargonidin) classes had been highlighted. These metabolomic data corroborate current published studies which have indicated a significant induction on the expression of many genes involved inside the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids andor a rise in flavonol and flavanone concentrations following wheat inoculation by F. graminearum. The main function ascribed to flavonoid in plant defense mechanisms outcomes from their antioxidant properties , that permit them to minimize the production of and quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by each the pathogen and the plant during infection. Moreover, flavonoids are believed to participate for the reinforcement of plant structures and act as a physical barrier against fungal infection . This role was lately supported by the findings of Venturini et al. that strongly suggest the involvement of flavonoids in resistance to F. verticillioides through their contribution to kernels’ hardening. Flavonoids also can protect plant cell wall integrity upon fungal infection by inhibiting the activity of quite a few plant cell wall degrading enzymes secreted by fungal pathogens to penetrate plant tissues . Lastly, flavonoids are well-known for their ability to inhibit fungal spore development and to restrain mycelium hyphae elongation. These antifungal activities had been recently reviewed by Mierziak et al. and based on Treutter , they straight result fromInt. J. Mol. Sci. ,the ability of flavonoids to irreversibly combine with PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6489865 nucleophilic amino acid in fungal proteins. Among the putative flavonoid compounds gathered in Table , naringenin, which was located to become significantly far more abundant in some resistant wheat and barley cultivars than in susceptible ones ,,, and has been reported as an effective inhibitor of in vitro growth of F. graminearum , could play a essential function in plant protection. Its conjugate naringeninOglucoside was pinpointed for its larger concentration in some barley genotypes resistant to FHB , like kaempferol and kaempferol glucosides the biosynthetic pathway of which involves naringenin as precursor. Similarly to naringenin and its derivatives, a number of reports assistance the contribution of catechin to plant resistance against F. graminearum. Catechin concentration was shown to improve in some resistant naked barley seeds following Fusarium inoculation and catechin was highlighted for its greater amounts in FHB resistant tworow barley genotypes in comparison to susceptible ones . Various studies have also illustrated the possible effect flavonoids could exert on mycotoxin production. Several reports describe the potential of flavonoids to inhibit aflatoxin , or patulin production . Their effect on TCTB biosynthesis has, even so, been poorly documented with all the exception with the publication of Desjardins et al. that describes an inhibitory impact of flavones on the biosynthetic step that catalyzes the conversion of trichodiene (the first chemical intermediate in trichothecene biosynthesis) to oxygenated trichothecenes that include a ,epoxy group Non Flavonoid PhenylpropanoidsPhenolic Acids and Derivatives As shown in Table , several me.