Urface with dot patterns, as shown in the bottom of the picture.Brain regions are shown that responded during tactile or optic flow perception in sighted subjects and throughout tactile flow perception in blind subjects.The tactilevisual overlap map shows the areas activated by each tactile and optic flow perception (shown in yellow), as well because the places activated only by tactile (red) and optic (green) perception (modified from Pietrini et al Ricciardi et al).www.frontiersin.orgFebruary Volume Article Kupers et al.Blindness and consciousness,).Of note, congenitally blind people showed categoryspecific neural response patterns within the ventral temporal extrastriate cortex during the identical tactile object recognition task that had been related to those measured in sighted controls (Figure B).Our findings expand benefits from other laboratories that in sighted individuals visual and tactile object perception activate the dorsal part of the lateral occipital cortex (LOC correct; Amedi et al , James et al) by showing a crossmodal correlation of response patterns among the two sensory modalities.In addition, our outcomes in congenitally blind people clearly indicate that visual imagery can’t account for the visual cortex activation throughout the tactile process (James et al Sathian and Zangaladze, Matteau et al).Indeed, although it has been shown that seeing an object or recalling the image of that object via visual imagery results in similar neural responses inside the brain (Ishai et al O’Craven and Kanwisher, Ishai,), visually primarily based imagery is by definition absent in congenitally blind or early blind subjects with no recollection of visual expertise (though congenitally blind subjects do have imagery! See evaluation by Cattaneo et al).The findings inside the congenitally blind subjects are vital also due to the fact they indicate that the development of topographically organized, categoryrelated representations in the extrastriate visual cortex does not require visual encounter.Practical experience with objects acquired through other sensory modalities appears to become sufficient to support the development of these patterns.Thus, at least to some extent, the visual cortex doesn’t require vision to create its functional architecture that tends to make it feasible to acquire information from the external world.fashion In addition, which is the effect of visual practical experience around the development on the functional architecture in motion responsive cortical regions To investigate these inquiries, we compared brain responses in sighted and congenitally or early blind people through passive perception of visual andor tactile motion (Ricciardi et al).Perception of dynamic stimuli within the visual and tactile sensory modalities shares basic psychophysical principles that may be explained by comparable computational models.Both optic and tactile motion offer information about object type, position, orientation, consistency and movement, and also in regards to the position and movement in the self inside the atmosphere (Bicchi et al ).In sighted subjects, visual motion perception induced activation inside the human middle temporal (hMT) complicated in the posterior inferior temporal cortex bilaterally, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542721 as expected around the basis of earlier research (Watson et al Ptito et al a).In contrast, tactile motion perception activated the Radiprodil CAS anterior component but deactivated a more posterior a part of the hMT complicated (Figure C).In blind subjects, tactile motion activated not merely the anterior portion but additionally the extra posterior.