D the chitosan IP Agonist review dressing by incorporating polyphosphate and silver for enhanced hemostatic and antimicrobial effects [19]. Each in vitro and animal research were carried out. It was found that the optimal chitosan-polyphosphate formulation (ChiPP) accelerated blood clotting, increased platelet adhesion, generated thrombin faster and absorbed more blood than chitosan. Silver-loaded ChiPP exhibited drastically higher bactericidal activity than ChiPP in vitro, regularly reaching a comprehensive kill of P. aeruginosa and also a 99.99 kill of S. aureus. In vivo animal test demonstrated that the silver dressing also significantly reduced mortality from 90 to 14.3 within a P. aeruginosa wound infection model in mice. Though the dressing exerted severe cytotoxicity against cultured fibroblasts, wound healing was not inhibited. Therapy of burn infections–Using exactly the same HemConTM bandage reported by Burkatovskaya et al. [20], Dai et al. [21] investigated its efficacy for treating burn infections in mice. They applied the dressing to third degree burns in mice that had been infected with bioluminescent P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis. Figure 3a shows the successive bacterial luminescence images from day 0 to day three right after P. aeruginosa infection of an untreated burn, a silver dressing-treated burn, along with a chitosan acetate-treated burn, respectively. In the untreated burn the bacteria multiplied roughly 1000-fold from day 0 to day 3, while in both the silver dressing and chitosan acetate bandage-treated burns, a lower in bacterial luminescence signal was noticed at day 1 as the dressing quickly quenched the light. There was a detectable raise in signal from the silver-dressing burn at day two and 3 (compared with day 1) that was not observed inside the chitosan-acetate burn. The inset showing a silver-treated burn at day 3 was taken after theNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 Could 1.Dai et al.Pagesilver dressing was removed from a dead mouse and shows a vigorous bacterial proliferation underneath the dressing.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIn the case of P. aeruginosa infections (Figure 3b), the survival rate of mice treated with all the chitosan acetate bandage was 73.3 , whereas the survival price of mice treated using a nanocrystalline silver dressing was 27.three (p = 0.0055), and that of untreated mice was 13.three (p 0.0002). For P. mirabilis infections (Figure 3C), the comparable survival prices were 66.7, 62.five and 23.1 , respectively. Quantitative bacterial luminescence signals demonstrated that the chitosan acetate bandage CB1 Activator Source proficiently controlled the development of bacteria in the burns and prevented the improvement of systemic sepsis, as shown by blood culture. Therapy of surgical-site infections–Surgical-site infection is amongst the complications in the use of mesh in hernia repair. Triclosan-embedded industrial absorbable suture components are applied to lessen the infection rate. To achieve a far better therapeutic outcome, Cakmak et al. tested the use of meshes coated with triclosan-loaded chitosan gel to prevent and treat mesh infections in a rat model. Simultaneous and 24-h S. aureus inoculation was used to model mesh infection, and the rats have been observed for 8 days by means of surgical-site infections [22]. It was reported that grafts coated with triclosanloaded chitosan gel presented satisfactory preventive.