Lies on instructive signals from the differentiating/differentiated odontoblasts and predentin, the delayed ameloblast differentiation is a non-cell autonomous effect and a secondary consequence of aberrant signaling network in the odontoblasts. In conclusion, our studies using a gain-of-function approach reveal the importance of homeostasis of BMPRIa-mediated signaling in CNC-derived tissue component in palate and tooth development. Augmented BMP signaling leads to cleft palate formation and delayed odontogenic differentiation.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the 10457188 experiments: LL YW YPC. Performed the experiments: LL YW ML GY GY YZ. Analyzed the data: LL YW ML YPC. Wrote the paper: LL YW YPC.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide and is predicted to be the third leading cause of mortality in the world by the year 2030 [1]. COPD is a complex disease characterized by airflow MK8931 site obstruction that is not fully reversible [2]. Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of the rapid decline in pulmonary function that leads to COPD, but not all smokers develop the disease [3]. Moreover, there is familial aggregation of COPD suggesting a genetic contribution [4]. The only well-established genetic risk factors are inherited mutations causing a1-antitrypsin deficiency [5]. However, these mutations occur in only 1? of COPD patients [6]. The number of susceptibility genes for COPD is expanding rapidly with lists tabulated at 57 genes in 2009 [7] and at 144 genes in 2012 [8]. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified four susceptibility loci associated with COPD including 4q22 (FAM13A), 4q31 (HHIP), 15q25 (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/IREB2) and 19q13 (RAB4B, EGLN2, MIA, CYP2A6) [9?11]. The causal genes and genetic mechanisms mediating the risk within these loci remain to be found. The goal of this study is to identify lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) within COPD susceptibility loci identified by GWAS. As part of the lung eQTL consortium, we have recently performed a genome-wide search for eQTLs in 1,111 human lung samples [12]. A predefined hypothesis of the consortium was that human lung eQTLs will identify the most informative markers and improve the localization of causal variants/genes in GWASnominated COPD loci [13].Methods Title Loaded From File Ethics StatementAll lung tissue samples were obtained in accordance with Institutional Review Board guidelines at the three sites: LavalRefining COPD Susceptibility Loci with Lung eQTLsUniversity (Quebec, Canada), University of British-Columbia (Vancouver, Canada) and Groningen University (Groningen, The Netherlands). All patients provided written informed consent and the study was approved by the ethics committees of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec ?(IUCPQ) and the UBC-Providence Health Care Research Institute Ethics Board for Laval and UBC, respectively. The study protocol was consistent with the Research Code of the University Medical Center Groningen and Dutch national ethical and professional guidelines (“Code of conduct; Dutch federation of biomedical scientific societies”; http://www.federa.org).AssaysGenome-wide gene expression and genotyping profiles were obtained using a custom Affymetrix array (see GEO platform GPL10379) and the Illumina Human1M-Duo BeadChip array, respectively. Gene expression data are available through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository with the accession numbe.Lies on instructive signals from the differentiating/differentiated odontoblasts and predentin, the delayed ameloblast differentiation is a non-cell autonomous effect and a secondary consequence of aberrant signaling network in the odontoblasts. In conclusion, our studies using a gain-of-function approach reveal the importance of homeostasis of BMPRIa-mediated signaling in CNC-derived tissue component in palate and tooth development. Augmented BMP signaling leads to cleft palate formation and delayed odontogenic differentiation.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the 10457188 experiments: LL YW YPC. Performed the experiments: LL YW ML GY GY YZ. Analyzed the data: LL YW ML YPC. Wrote the paper: LL YW YPC.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide and is predicted to be the third leading cause of mortality in the world by the year 2030 [1]. COPD is a complex disease characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible [2]. Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of the rapid decline in pulmonary function that leads to COPD, but not all smokers develop the disease [3]. Moreover, there is familial aggregation of COPD suggesting a genetic contribution [4]. The only well-established genetic risk factors are inherited mutations causing a1-antitrypsin deficiency [5]. However, these mutations occur in only 1? of COPD patients [6]. The number of susceptibility genes for COPD is expanding rapidly with lists tabulated at 57 genes in 2009 [7] and at 144 genes in 2012 [8]. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified four susceptibility loci associated with COPD including 4q22 (FAM13A), 4q31 (HHIP), 15q25 (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/IREB2) and 19q13 (RAB4B, EGLN2, MIA, CYP2A6) [9?11]. The causal genes and genetic mechanisms mediating the risk within these loci remain to be found. The goal of this study is to identify lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) within COPD susceptibility loci identified by GWAS. As part of the lung eQTL consortium, we have recently performed a genome-wide search for eQTLs in 1,111 human lung samples [12]. A predefined hypothesis of the consortium was that human lung eQTLs will identify the most informative markers and improve the localization of causal variants/genes in GWASnominated COPD loci [13].Methods Ethics StatementAll lung tissue samples were obtained in accordance with Institutional Review Board guidelines at the three sites: LavalRefining COPD Susceptibility Loci with Lung eQTLsUniversity (Quebec, Canada), University of British-Columbia (Vancouver, Canada) and Groningen University (Groningen, The Netherlands). All patients provided written informed consent and the study was approved by the ethics committees of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec ?(IUCPQ) and the UBC-Providence Health Care Research Institute Ethics Board for Laval and UBC, respectively. The study protocol was consistent with the Research Code of the University Medical Center Groningen and Dutch national ethical and professional guidelines (“Code of conduct; Dutch federation of biomedical scientific societies”; http://www.federa.org).AssaysGenome-wide gene expression and genotyping profiles were obtained using a custom Affymetrix array (see GEO platform GPL10379) and the Illumina Human1M-Duo BeadChip array, respectively. Gene expression data are available through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository with the accession numbe.